Which business structure NRIs typically use
A Private Limited Company is the most common vehicle for NRI-backed ventures in India,
since it allows 100% foreign/NRI shareholding in most sectors under the automatic route, offers limited
liability, and is well understood by Indian banks, investors, and regulators. An LLP is also
permitted for FDI in sectors where 100% FDI is allowed under the automatic route with no performance-linked
conditions. A company incorporated in India needs at least one director who is a resident of India for a
specified minimum number of days in the preceding calendar year, per the Companies Act, 2013 -- an NRI
founder based in the UK typically brings in an India-based co-director to satisfy this.
FDI routes -- automatic vs. government approval
Under India's FDI policy, most sectors fall under the automatic route, where foreign
investment (including by NRIs) does not need prior RBI or government approval -- only post-investment
reporting. A smaller list of sectors requires government approval, and a few sectors remain
fully or partly restricted. The applicable route depends entirely on the specific business activity.
FEMA reporting once the investment is made
Foreign investment into an Indian company, including by NRIs, generally must be reported to the RBI
through the Foreign Investment Reporting and Management System (FIRMS) portal -- this includes the initial
share allotment report and any subsequent transfer of shares between a resident and non-resident. Missing
these deadlines can result in compounding proceedings (a regularization process with a penalty) with the
RBI.
Repatriating profits and returns to the UK
Dividends declared by an Indian company are freely repatriable for NRI shareholders, subject to
applicable Indian tax (with TDS deducted at source, and DTAA relief available against UK tax on the same
income). Capital gains on an eventual sale of the NRI's shares are similarly repatriable after payment of
applicable capital gains tax and compliance with the relevant FEMA reporting.
Common structuring mistakes to avoid
- Not appointing a qualifying resident director before incorporation, delaying the process.
- Assuming a sector is under the automatic route without checking the current FDI policy -- sector
classifications and caps are revised periodically.
- Missing FIRMS portal reporting deadlines for share allotment/transfer.
- Structuring the investment personally without considering whether a holding structure changes the
applicable DTAA/tax treatment -- worth discussing with both Indian and UK tax advisors before
incorporating.
Can an NRI be the sole director of an Indian private limited company?
No -- the Companies Act, 2013 requires every company to have at least one director who satisfies India's
residency requirement, so an all-NRI founding team needs at least one qualifying resident director, even if
only in a limited capacity.
Does an NRI need RBI approval to invest in an Indian startup?
Not for most sectors -- the majority fall under the automatic route, requiring only post-investment
reporting rather than prior approval. Certain specific sectors do require government approval, so this
should be confirmed for the specific business activity involved.
Can profits be freely sent back to the UK?
Dividends and capital gains are generally repatriable after applicable Indian tax is paid and the correct
FEMA reporting is completed -- “freely repatriable” means no separate RBI permission is needed for the
transfer itself once tax and reporting compliance is done, not that no tax applies.
What happens if FIRMS portal reporting is missed?
A missed or late reporting deadline can be regularized through the RBI's compounding process, which
involves an application and typically a monetary penalty.
